Choline alfoscerate is useful for treating cognitive dysfunction associated with cerebrovascular diseases and degenerative brain diseases. It is a drug with proven safety, which has no effect on the kidney and liver and with no severe side effect reported. When administered to a patient with neuropathic pain, it can significantly reduce the pain intensity and the occurrence of neuropathic pain. Accordingly, it may be used as an active ingredient in a pharmaceutical composition for treating or preventing neuropathic pain and a health functional food composition for improving neuropathic pain and may also be used for a method for treating neuropathic pain by administering choline alfoscerate. In addition, choline alfoscerate may also be used to prepare a medication for treating neuropathic pain.