Examples of determining and using physiological response estimates with glucose monitoring and insulin dosing systems and methods are disclosed. For example, one method includes receiving a selection of food items from a predefined catalog of food items as being part of a meal associated with a user profile, the catalog including nutritional information corresponding to food items in the catalog; determining nutritional information of the meal based on the nutritional information of each selected food item; receiving a notification from a user interface that a user associated with the user profile has started eating the meal; receiving successive indications of the user's glucose levels; computing a physiological response estimate associated with the user profile and the meal based on the successive indications of the user's glucose levels and the nutritional information of the meal.