Embodiments described herein provide systems and methods to prevent, or provide a countermeasure, to a co-existence attack, for example, that may occur in a Security Credential Management System (SCMS) where both regular butterfly key (RBK) protocol and unified butterfly key (UBK) protocol are supported. Embodiments described herein provide, support, employ, or implement hardware acceleration for a Hardware Security Module (HSM), for example, for cryptographic operations (e.g., block ciphers, digital signature schemes, and key exchange protocols).