An object of the present invention is to provide a rubber composition including a rubber component and cellulose-based fibers and having excellent strength. Namely, the present invention provides a rubber composition including Component (A): a modified cellulose nanofiber, Component (B): a surfactant, Component (C): a polyvalent metal, and Component (D): a rubber component and a method for producing the same. Component (A) preferably includes a carboxy group-containing cellulose nanofiber such as an oxidized cellulose nanofiber and a carboxymethylated cellulose nanofiber.