Disclosed are a method and device for random access and instruction after random access rollback. The method comprises: a base station receiving a random access request Msg1 sent by a terminal, and sending a random access rollback instruction to instruct different types of terminals to apply different rollback parameters so as to initiate random access again after random access has failed; and the terminal receiving the random access rollback instruction sent by the base station, wherein the random access rollback instruction is used for instructing different types of terminals to apply different rollback parameters so as to initiate random access again after random access has failed, and initiating random access according to the random access rollback instruction.