Systems and methods for designing and implementing patient-specific surgical procedures and/or medical devices are disclosed. In some embodiments, a method includes receiving a patient data set of a patient. The patient data set is compared to a plurality of reference patient data sets, wherein each of the plurality of reference patient data sets is associated with a corresponding reference patient. A subset of the plurality of reference patient data sets is selected based, at least partly, on similarity to the patient data set and treatment outcome of the corresponding reference patient. Based on the selected subset, at least one surgical procedure or medical device design for treating the patient is generated.