Techniques to perform mathematically and logically rigorous validations for decentralized applications (DApp) communicatively coupled to a distributed ledger are disclosed. A protocol for a business or enterprise process is encoded as a workflow on a labeled transition system as part of a DApp. Transitions are coded via an asynchronous Pi Calculus or other process calculi. A rules engine validates transitions using process calculi operations, or alternatively performing mathematical and logical analyses on the labeled transition system. Validations are disclosed for both development time and run time. In some embodiments, the logic behind the DApp is composed of a predetermined set of components representing processes. In one specific embodiment, the predetermined set of components is solely of an input component and an output component when composed perform a transaction where either both components received artifact representations from the other component or neither do.