Systems and methods are disclosed herein for fluid temperature-dependent control of engine speeds in a self-propelled work vehicle. An engine speed sensor generates signals representing an engine speed, and a temperature sensor generates signals representing a hydraulic fluid temperature. A controller receives the respective signals from the engine speed sensor and the temperature sensor. The controller is further configured, responsive to a startup command, to generate output signals preventing an increase in the engine speed to a target engine speed at least while the temperature of the hydraulic fluid is in a first temperature state. The controller may, e.g., automatically generate output signals for continuous and/or stepwise transitioning of the engine speed to the target engine speed, in accordance with a monitored temperature of the hydraulic fluid and corresponding temperature states.