A processor-implemented method includes: determining a first multiplication matrix and a second multiplication matrix, based on an input multiplicand matrix and an input multiplier matrix that are generated from an input signal; determining a matrix to be restored, based on the first multiplication matrix and the second multiplication matrix; determining a matrix restoration constraint value, based on the matrix to be restored; determining a multiplication result of the input multiplicand matrix and the input multiplier matrix, based on the matrix restoration constraint value and the matrix to be restored; and analyzing the input signal based on the multiplication result.