A piezoelectric element including an electrode and a piezoelectric layer provided on the electrode and having a perovskite structure including lead, zirconium, and titanium is provided. A radial distribution function obtained from an extended X-ray absorption fine structure of an L3 absorption edge of lead in an X-ray absorption spectrum of the piezoelectric layer at an interface with the electrode satisfies a formula (1) below A/B≤1  (1) (in the formula (1), A represents an intensity of a peak attributable to oxygen atoms closest to lead atoms; and B represents an intensity of a peak attributable to oxygen atoms second closest to the lead atoms).