A force sensor comprising a beam having a longitudinal axis and a proximal end portion and a distal end portion; a first Wheatstone bridge disposed on a first face of the beam, including multiple tension gauge resistors and multiple compression gauge resistors; a second Wheatstone bridge disposed on the first face of the beam, including multiple tension gauge resistors and multiple compression gauge resistors; wherein at least one tension gauge resistor and at least one compression gauge resistor from each of the first and second Wheatstone bridges is disposed at a proximal end portion of the beam; wherein at least one tension gauge resistor and at least one compression gauge resistor from each of the first and second Wheatstone bridges is disposed at a distal end portion of the beam.