The present disclosure provides a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) magnetic damping shock absorber based on an eddy current effect, comprising a lower plate, a ring-shaped magnet a, a ring-shaped magnet b, an aluminum cylinder, a bottom copper sheet, a copper sheet, a top copper sheet, a bearing seat, a linear bearing, a bearing end cap, a load, a piston shaft, a stepped shaft, a fixed collar, a coil spring, a lower clamping shaft, and fixing screws. When the shock absorber is working, the ring-shaped magnet a keeps stationary at the lower end and the ring-shaped magnet b reciprocates in the vertical direction. Both magnets are arranged in a mutual attraction manner. Under the action of a time-varying electromagnetic field generated by the relative movement of the ring-shaped magnet b, the copper sheet arranged between the two ring-shaped magnets generates eddy current damping. The movement of the ring-shaped magnet b is inhibited.