The invention relates to the wheat cultivar designated 01083051. Provided by the invention are the seeds, plants and derivatives of the wheat cultivar 01083051. Also provided by the invention are tissue cultures of the wheat cultivar 01083051 and the plants regenerated therefrom. Still further provided by the invention are methods for producing wheat plants by crossing the wheat cultivar 01083051 with itself or another wheat cultivar and plants produced by such methods.