Techniques are described for enabling users of a cloud provider network to define and use custom “virtual regions” comprised of selected sets of cloud provider network infrastructure locations. A cloud provider network enables users to obtain information about available infrastructure locations and to identify locations that satisfy a set of performance characteristics and other parameters. Once a set of desirable infrastructure locations have been identified, users can request the creation of a virtual region to be associated with their user account, where the request specifies a set of infrastructure locations to comprise the virtual region. Once a virtual region is created, users can cause computing resources to be launched into or otherwise associated with the virtual region in a manner similar to the use of existing regions and availability zones.