A computer implemented method may include: storing key-value pairs in an index in persistent storage, where indirect nodes of the index include pointers, where each pointer identifies an index portion and includes a generation identifier for the identified index portion, where the index comprises a plurality of snapshots associated with a plurality of generations; receiving a request to read data of a particular snapshot of the index, wherein the particular snapshot is associated with a particular generation of the plurality of generations; in response to the request, performing a traversal starting from a particular root node associated with the particular generation; and providing the requested data based on the traversal.