A high spatial and temporal resolution synthetic aperture phase microscopy (HISTR-SAPM) system and methods are provided for sample imaging and metrology. The HISTR-SAPM system includes a sample-illumination path along which a first illumination beam propagates and a reference-beam path along which a second illumination beam propagates. A first digital micromirror device (DMD), a second DMD, and a first scanning objective lens are disposed in the sample-illumination path and at a first side adjacent to the sample. A second scanning objective lens passes the sample information to a beam splitter (BS), where the sample illumination beam and the reference-beam are combined to form an interferogram at a final image plane for imaging the sample. A Fourier spatial spectrum analysis and a synthetic aperture are then used to reconstruct a quantitative phase map of the sample with a high resolution and at a high-speed.