Disclosed are a signal transmission method, device and equipment based on drilling equipment, and a medium, the signal transmission is applied to a signal transmission system of the drilling equipment, the signal transmission system includes a master node and a plurality of slave nodes, and the master node communicates with the slave nodes through a 1-wire bus. The signal transmission method includes: sending, by the master node, an instruction signal coupled by a TTL signal and a data request signal to a specified slave node, wherein the data request signal is a critical identifiable signal with the same period as the TTL signal so as to ensure that the system can identify the logic level of the instruction signal and occupy the 1-wire bus in real time; and receiving, by the specified slave node, the instruction signal, decoupling the instruction signal to obtain the data request signal, obtaining a reply signal according to the data request signal, coupling the reply signal with the TTL signal to obtain a feedback signal, and sending the feedback signal to the master node.