An illustrative image rendering system separate from and communicatively coupled to a presentation device detects a pre-modeled scene within a captured frame received from the presentation device. The pre-modeled scene is associated with a model asset accessible to the image rendering system. Based on the captured frame and the model asset, the image rendering system generates an augmentable representation of the pre-modeled scene and, based on the augmentable representation, generates an augmented version of the captured frame. The generating of the augmented version of the captured frame includes a plurality of render passes each configured to simulate a different virtualized element of a plurality of virtualized elements augmenting the pre-modeled scene within the augmented version of the captured frame. The image rendering system provides the augmented version of the captured frame to the presentation device. Corresponding methods and systems are also disclosed.