Systems, devices, and methods of the present invention relate to text classification. A text classification system accesses an utterance of text. The utterance includes at least one word. The text classification system generates a parse tree for the utterance. The parse tree includes at least one terminal node with a word type. The terminal node represents a word of the utterance. The text classification system applies one or more rules to the text. The text classification system then classifies the utterance as a question or a request for an autonomous agent to perform an action.