A method comprises storing information corresponding to a plurality of files being written from a source storage device to a cloud storage platform in a file transfer operation. The method further comprises, in response to a failure of the file transfer operation, identifying from the information one or more file offsets successfully written to the cloud storage platform for one or more of the plurality of the files prior to the failure. The file transfer operation for the one or more of the plurality of files is resumed from the identified one or more file offsets.