An efficient ultra-precise shear thickening and chemical synergy polishing method, comprising the following steps: 1) fixing workpieces (3) to a polishing and fixing disc (31) of implementation equipment; 2) preparing an efficient ultra-precise shear thickening and chemical synergy polishing slurry, the polishing slurry comprising polishing abrasive particles or micro-powder, a shear thickening enhanced phase, water and green chemistry environmentally-friendly substances; 3) adding the prepared polishing slurry into a dust-prevention cover (30), and starting a polishing slurry circulating device, so that the polishing slurry is supplied to the surfaces of the workpieces (3) by means of polishing tools (1); and 4) starting driving devices (9) and driving mechanisms (33), so that the polishing tools (1) move relative to the workpieces (3), and surfaces of the workpieces (3) to be machined are polished. In the present invention, active constraint of the solution flow boundary as well as active control of the flow of the polishing slurry and the synergy between shear thickening and green chemistry are utilized, so that the machining efficiency and precision are improved, and the types of materials that can be machined and the surface shapes are increased.