The present invention relates to a method of detecting a target nucleic acid on the basis of rolling circle amplification (RCA), and more specifically, to a method of detecting a target nucleic acid, the method in which a target nucleic acid (a nucleic acid having a target nucleic acid sequence), when present, forms a circular template with a template for performing an amplification reaction, wherein during the amplification reaction, a restriction enzyme is added to further induce a new RCA reaction, thus increasing the reaction rate and sensitivity, and to an RCA composition for implementing the method. The method of detecting a target nucleic acid according to the present invention, by detecting a barcode sequence predefined according to the type of the target nucleic acid, enables multiple detections of the presence of the target nucleic acid without sequencing, is inexpensive for not using costly enzymes, such as CRISPR, can detect barcode sequences, and can utilize various existing nucleic acid detection systems, and thus, can be useful in the detection of gene mutations.