An apparatus for predicting whether an object moving across a surface will reach a target destination is provided, the apparatus comprising circuitry configured to: receive a first image and one or more subsequent second images from a camera; identify a location of an object on a surface in the first image; identify a location of the object on the surface in one or more of the second images; determine one or more motion characteristics of the object based on the location of the object in the first image and the location of the object in the one or more second images; generate a predicted path of the object across the surface based on a model of the surface and the motion characteristics of the object; and generate a prediction of whether the object will reach the target destination based on the predicted path of the object and the location of the target destination.