Methods and apparatus, including computer program products, are provided for machine learning including deep convolutional neural networks. In some example embodiments, there may be provided a method that includes receiving, at a trained machine learning model, a portion of a test image; activating, at the machine learning model, a convolutional result formed based on the portion of the test image, the activation based on neighboring regions in the test image; and providing, by the machine learning model, an activated output. Related systems, methods, and articles of manufacture are also described.