A processor-implemented method using a neural network (NN) includes: receiving input data; and determining information inferred from the input data based on state information about a state in which the NN is activated in response to the input data, wherein an embedding vector generated by encoding the input data using at least a portion of the NN comprises information used to reconstruct a first partial region of the input data with a first accuracy and to reconstruct a second partial region of the input data with a second accuracy, and wherein the first partial region is adaptively determined based on either one or both of the inferred information and the embedding vector.