Disclosed is a triboelectric nanogenerator-based biochemical droplet reaction device, which includes a reaction generating part and a power generation part. The power generation part includes a triboelectric component and a rectifier circuit. The triboelectric component includes a drive electrode, a substrate, a first friction electrode, a first friction material, a second friction material, and a second friction electrode arranged in sequence from top to bottom. A gap exists between the first friction material and the second friction material. The first friction electrode is connected to the first friction material. The second friction electrode is connected to the second friction material. The drive electrode, the first friction electrode, and the second friction electrode are all connected to the rectifier circuit. Also disclosed is a reaction method.