Disclosed is a robust topology optimization design method of a damping composite stiffened cylindrical shell box structure, comprising: constructing working load data, and obtaining circumferential target modal frequencies based on the working load data and the stiffened cylindrical shell box; laying constrained layer damping materials on the stiffened cylindrical shell box to construct a damping composite stiffened cylindrical shell box; constructing interval parameters based on the damping composite stiffened cylindrical shell box, and obtaining modal loss factor based on the interval parameters; constructing an objective function based on the modal loss factors, constructing design variables and constraint conditions based on the damping composite stiffened cylindrical shell box, integrating the objective function, design variables and constraint conditions to form an interval robust topology optimization model; updating the design variables based on the interval robust topology optimization model, and obtaining an optimized topology configuration of the damping composite stiffened cylindrical shell box.