Non-contact sensors include an image sensor configured to capture image data of a portion of a surface of a rotatable shaft and an electronic control unit communicatively coupled to the image sensor. The electronic control unit is configured to receive image data having a plurality of frames from the image sensor and store the image data in a memory component of the electronic control unit, determine a transformation in image space between one or more surface features that appear in a first frame of the image data and the same one or more surface features that appear in a second frame of the image data, determine a rotational position of the rotatable shaft at a time of capture of the second frame of the image data based on the transformation and a quantitatively characterized relationship between image space and object space, and store the rotational position of the rotatable shaft.