Disclosed herein is an artificial neural network-based medical image analysis apparatus for analyzing a medical image based on a medical artificial neural network. The artificial neural network-based medical image analysis apparatus includes a computing system, and the computing system includes at least one processor. The at least one processor is configured to acquire or receive a first analysis result obtained through the inference of a first artificial neural network from a first medical image, to input the first analysis result to a second artificial neural network, to acquire a first evaluation result obtained through the inference of the second artificial neural network from the first analysis result, and to provide the first evaluation result to a user as an evaluation result for the first medical image and the first analysis result.