A memory system includes a plurality of memory cells each storing multiple bits and a memory controller having a processor. The memory controller is configured to read outputs from the memory cells in response to a read command from a host to generate first raw data of a first page and second raw data of a second page adjacent to the first page. The memory controller is further configured to perform a hard decision (HD) decoding on the first raw data to generate first decoded data. The processor is configured to apply the first decoded data and the second raw data as input features to a machine learning algorithm to generate reliability information. The memory controller is further configured to perform a HD decoding on the second raw data using the reliability information to generate second decoded data.