Techniques are described for using computing devices to perform automated operations to generate mapping information of a defined area via analysis of visual data of images, including by using attribute information exchanged between paired or otherwise grouped images of multiple types to generate enhanced images, and for using the generated mapping information in further automated manners, including to use the generated mapping information for automated navigation and/or to display or otherwise present the generated mapping information. In some situations, the defined area includes an interior of a multi-room building, and the generated information includes at least one or more enhanced images and/or a partial floor plan and/or other modeled representation of the building, with the generating performed in some cases without having measured depth information about distances from the images' acquisition locations to walls or other objects in the surrounding building.