Various embodiments of the present disclosure provide methods and apparatuses for improved belief propagation (BP) decoding. A method performed by a receiver comprises: performing BP decoding on received information; obtaining, in response to the BP decoding being unsuccessful and based on a first table comprising left-to-right messages associated with nodes of a plurality of processing elements (PEs) for the BP decoding and the received information, a second table comprising right-to-left messages associated with the nodes; searching, based on the first table and the second table, a conflict verification processing element (VPE); updating, for the conflict VPE, both signs of the right-to-left messages associated with its right-upper node and right-lower node to be the same and the sign of the right-to-left messages associated with its left-upper node to be positive; updating the second table; and performing the BP decoding based on the updated second table.