An access control system may comprise a credential including credential data, and at least one reader. The at least one reader is configured to receive, over a link, the credential data. The at least one reader is configured to verify that the credential is valid based on the credential data, and mark the credential as valid and track a location of the credential relative to the at least one reader. The at least one reader is configured to make or delay an access control decision for the credential based on the location of the credential.