Current frame structures in Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and New Radio (NR) are not designed to accommodate full duplex (FD) communication. Embodiments are disclosed in which frame structures are provided that support FD communication and frequency division duplex (FDD) communication and time division duplex (TDD) communication. In some embodiments, there is defined two separate and independent frame structures: a frame structure for reception (e.g. a downlink frame structure) and a frame structure for transmission (e.g. an uplink frame structure).