Methods for treating anxiety disorders and for reducing a risk associated with developing an anxiety disorder in patients via therapeutic renal neuromodulation and associated systems are disclosed herein. Sympathetic nerve activity can contribute to several cellular and physiological conditions associated with anxiety disorders as well as an increased risk of developing an anxiety disorder. One aspect of the present technology is directed to methods for improving a patient's calculated risk score corresponding to an anxiety disorder status in the patient. Other aspects are directed to reducing a likelihood of developing an anxiety disorder in patients presenting one or more anxiety disorder risk factors. Renal sympathetic nerve activity can be attenuated to improve a patient's anxiety disorder status or risk of developing an anxiety disorder. The attenuation can be achieved, for example, using an intravascularly positioned catheter carrying a therapeutic assembly configured to use, e.g., electrically-induced, thermally-induced, and/or chemically-induced approaches to modulate the renal sympathetic nerve.