A comprehensive system for potential risk identification and pollution prewarning of groundwater comprises a cable laying device, a monitoring cable, and an electromagnetic retrieving device which are located in groundwater between two adjacent wells, wherein the two adjacent wells comprise a first well and a second well, the second well is located at a lower water level of the first well and communicates with the first well, the electromagnetic retrieving device is located in the second well, a plurality of sensors are arranged on the monitoring cable, and one end of the monitoring cable is connected to the cable laying device. The cable laying device comprises a device body, an anchoring module arranged at a bottom of the device body, and an electromagnetic adsorption module arranged on the device body. The monitoring cable is connected to the cable laying device after passing through the anchoring module.