A distributed three-dimensional (3D) induced polarization (IP) data acquisition and processing device, including: a transmitter module, a computer and multiple receiver modules, where the transmitter module is configured to transmit a preset current signal to a ground where a region to be measured is located, and record the current signal in real time; the receiver modules each are configured to acquire a voltage signal and an apparent polarizability of the ground where the region to be measured is located, and record the voltage signal and the apparent polarizability in real time; and the computer is configured to acquire the current signal, the voltage signal and the apparent polarizability, respectively process the current signal and the voltage signal to obtain an apparent resistivity of the region to be measured, and analyze, according to the apparent polarizability and the apparent resistivity, a polarizability and a conductivity of the region to be measured.