A robot with the perception capability of livestock and poultry information and a mapping approach based on autonomous navigation are disclosed. The robot includes a four-wheeled vehicle (3), an autonomous navigation system, a motion module and an information acquisition module. The autonomous navigation system includes a LiDAR (10), a RGB-D camera (9), an inertial measurement unit (5), an odometer and a main control module (12). The information acquisition module includes two thermal imagers (6), an environmental detection sensor module (8) and a wireless transmission module (11). The robot is controlled in indoor working environment, and simultaneously information about surrounding environment during movement is obtained with the autonomous navigation system; positioning locations are obtained through data processing and a global map is constructed, which can improve positioning accuracy, reduce dependence on breeders, realize automatic environment detection. The present invention has the advantages of high efficiency, high economic benefits, and wide applicability.