The present invention relates to a system for identification and active control of vibrations (101) in a structure (103), comprising at least one inertial device (102) associable with the structure (103), comprising at least one movable mass (104) and configured for a first controlled movement of the at least one movable mass (104) in order to excite the structure (103); one or more movement sensors (201) configured for detecting vibrations of the structure (103); at least one processing device (202, 302) operatively connected to the one or more movement sensors (201) and to the least one inertial device (102), the at least one processing device (202, 302) being configured for: identifying a set of first parameters determinable by the one or more movement sensors (201) in response to environment-induced vibrations of the structure (103); identifying a set of second parameters determinable by the one or more movement sensors (201) in response to the first controlled movement of the at last one movable mass (104); calculating a dynamic model, wherein the set of first and second parameters are made consistent taking into account the at least one movable mass (104); detecting threshold-exceeding vibrations of the structure (103) by the one or more movement sensors; controlling the at least one inertial device (102), wherein the at least one inertial device (102) is further configured for a second controlled movement of the at least one movable mass (104), based on the dynamic model. The present invention further relates to a respective method for identification and active control of vibrations in a structure.