An apparatus comprises a processing device configured to receive a service request for a given computing device, the service request comprising a given image of a given computing device, to generate a given image embedding for the given image utilizing a machine learning model, and to determine similarity measures between the given image embedding and other image embeddings for other images of computing devices utilizing an angular similarity metric. The processing device is configured to identify whether the given image exhibits at least a threshold level of similarity to at least one other image based at least in part on the determined similarity measures, to classify the given image as potentially fraudulent responsive to identifying the given image as exhibiting at least the threshold level of similarity to at least one other image, and to modify processing of the service request responsive to classifying the given image as potentially fraudulent.