A temperature measuring device includes an ultrasonic sensor attached to a rear surface side of the structural body having the multilayer structure, an acquisition unit configured to, through the ultrasonic sensor, acquire a signal of a reflected wave of an ultrasonic wave incident at the internal side of the structural body, an extraction unit configured to extract, from the signal of the reflected wave, a domain including a reflected wave reflected on a surface on the internal side of the structural body, and an identification unit configured to, based on a signal of the reflected wave in the extracted domain, identify the temperature of the surface on the internal side of the structural body.