A server Joint Test Action Group (JTAG) component adaptive interconnection system and method. The system includes a JTAG master device, a programmable device, and a plurality of JTAG components. The programmable device is configured to simulate JTAG timing according to a JTAG protocol and test JTAG channels of the JTAG components connected to the programmable device one by one. The programmable device connects in series a Test Data Output (TDO) signal of a previous JTAG component with a Test Data Input (TDI) signal of a next JTAG component in the programmable device, connects a TDI signal of a first JTAG component with a TDI signal of the JTAG master device, and connects a TDO signal of a last JTAG component with a TDO signal of the JTAG master device, so as to form a JTAG interconnection chain.