The present disclosure relates to systems and methods for coding. The methods may include receiving at least two contexts, for each of the at least two contexts, obtaining at least one coding parameter corresponding to the context from at least one lookup table, determining a probability interval value corresponding to the context based on a previous probability interval value and the at least one coding parameter, determining a normalized probability interval value corresponding to the context by performing a normalization operation on the probability interval value, determining a probability interval lower limit corresponding to the context based on a previous probability interval lower limit and the at least one coding parameter, determining a normalized probability interval lower limit corresponding to the context by performing the normalization operation on the probability interval lower limit, and outputting at least one byte based on the normalized probability interval lower limit.