A quantum computing system comprises a plurality of photonic cavities, a plurality of coupling locations for quantum emitter positioning, a photon generator configured to supply photons to the plurality of photonic cavities, and a plurality of photon output channels downstream of the plurality of cavities to output a graph state. Each coupling location is associated with a differing one of the plurality of photonic cavities. Quantum emitters associated with each coupling location are configured to mediate interactions between consecutive incoming photonic qubits to generate the graph state, and the photonic cavities are configured to couple photonic qubits to the quantum emitters.