The present invention provides a wireless optical communication data transmission apparatus and method, including a transmit module and a receive module, where the transmit module includes a transmission gate, and the transmit module is configured to convert serial data into multipath control signals to control the transmission gate to output an electrical signal, convert the electrical signal into an optical signal, and transmit the optical signal to the receive module; and the receive module includes a peak value detector and a comparator group, and the receive module is configured to convert the received optical signal into the electrical signal and output the serial data after threshold determination by the comparator group, where the peak value detector provides a reference voltage to the comparator group according to the received electrical signal, and the comparator group performs voltage division according to the reference voltage to determine a threshold.