A piezoelectric element includes, in sequence, a substrate, a lower electrode layer, a growth control layer, a piezoelectric layer including a perovskite-type oxide containing lead as a main component of an A site, and an upper electrode layer. The growth control layer includes a metal oxide represented by MdN1−dOe, where M is one or more metal elements capable of substituting for the A site of the perovskite-type oxide. When the electronegativity of M is X, 1.41X−1.05≤d≤A1·exp(−X/t1)+y0, where A1=1.68×1012, t1=0.0306, and y0=0.59958. The perovskite-type oxide is represented by (Pba1αa2)(Zrb1Tib2βb3)Oc, where 0.5