Disclosed are a method and apparatus for performing a random access procedure in a wireless communication system. The method for performing a random access procedure according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may comprise the steps of: receiving, from a base station, configuration information related to random access, wherein the configuration information includes a scaling factor for a back-off indicator (BI) for a specific type of terminal; transmitting a first random access preamble to the base station; receiving, from the base station, a random access response (RAR) in response to the first random access preamble, wherein the RAR includes the BI; and on the basis of the RAR not including a random access preamble identifier (RAPID) associated with the first random access preamble, transmitting a second random access preamble to the base station.