A memory device may be provided, including a first electrode, an insulating element arranged over the first electrode, a second electrode arranged over the insulating element, a switching layer and a conductive line electrically coupled to the second electrode. Each of the first electrode, the insulating element, and the second electrode may include a first side surface and a second side surface. Centers of the first electrode, the insulating element, and the second electrode may be substantially vertically aligned. The first side surface and the second side surface of the second electrode may be substantially vertically aligned with the first side surface and the second side surface of at least one of the insulating element and the first electrode. The switching layer may be conformal to the first side surfaces and the second side surfaces of the second electrode and the insulating element.