A full-automatic calibration method and apparatus oriented to a structured light 3D vision system are disclosed. For an erected 3D vision system, full-automatic calibration can be completed without moving the 3D vision system; and for an unfixed 3D vision system, full-automatic calibration can be completed without manual operation. By using the full-automatic calibration method oriented to the structured light 3D vision system, on one hand, non-professionals can easily complete calibration of structured light 3D imaging; and on the other hand, a problem of calibrating a large number of 3D cameras can also be solved.