The present invention provides a system for capturing and recycling carbon dioxide in an exhaust gas, which includes a CO2 capture unit into which an exhaust gas containing CO2 is input, and which captures the CO2 as a high concentration enriched gas and separates a first treatment gas; a mineralization process unit which mineralizes the CO2 after receiving the high concentration enriched gas captured in the CO2 capture unit and discharges a second treatment gas; a mixing tank which receives the first treatment gas and the second treatment gas and mixes them so that the contained CO2 has a predetermined concentration; a photo-culture process unit which receives the resulting third treatment gas from the mixing tank to perform a photo-culture process using microalgae; and a control unit which controls the flow rates and the CO2 contents of the gases supplied and discharged to/from the CO2 capture unit, the mineralization process unit, the mixing tank and the photo-culture process unit.